Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
Identifieur interne : 000195 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000194; suivant : 000196Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
Auteurs : Afshin Maleki [Iran] ; Hassan Amini [Suisse, Iran] ; Shahrokh Nazmara [Iran] ; Shiva Zandi [Iran] ; Amir Hossein Mahvi [Iran]Source :
- Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering [ 2052-336X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Heavy metals are ubiquitous elsewhere in nature and their measurement in environment is necessary to develop health management strategies. In this study, we aimed to find out concentrations and spatial patterns of heavy metals in main farms of Sanandaj in Kurdistan, Iran.
Over May to October 2012, six farms were selected to analyze concentrations and spatial patterns of several heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in their soil, irrigation water, and edible vegetables. Overall, 36 samples of soil and water and 72 samples of vegetables including coriander (
The order of metals in soil was Al > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Co > As > Cd while in water it was Cr > Co > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Al = As = Cd. The order of heavy metals in vegetables was Al > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Totally, the minimum concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in radish root while the maximum of Al, Co, Cr, and Ni were found in radish leaf. The minimum concentrations of Cd and Cr and maximum concentrations of Cu and Zn were also deciphered in dill. Noteworthy, coriander had the minimum concentrations of Co and Ni. The concentrations of Cr and Pb in vegetables were more than maximum allowable limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
In summary, albeit the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and water samples were below FAO and the WHO standards, vegetables were contaminated by chromium and lead.
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DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0136-0
PubMed: 25431657
PubMed Central: 4245762
Affiliations:
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Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran</title><author><name sortKey="Maleki, Afshin" sort="Maleki, Afshin" uniqKey="Maleki A" first="Afshin" last="Maleki">Afshin Maleki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sanandaj</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amini, Hassan" sort="Amini, Hassan" uniqKey="Amini H" first="Hassan" last="Amini">Hassan Amini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4002 Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4003 Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sanandaj</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nazmara, Shahrokh" sort="Nazmara, Shahrokh" uniqKey="Nazmara S" first="Shahrokh" last="Nazmara">Shahrokh Nazmara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zandi, Shiva" sort="Zandi, Shiva" uniqKey="Zandi S" first="Shiva" last="Zandi">Shiva Zandi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sanandaj</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahvi, Amir Hossein" sort="Mahvi, Amir Hossein" uniqKey="Mahvi A" first="Amir Hossein" last="Mahvi">Amir Hossein Mahvi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering</title><idno type="eISSN">2052-336X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Heavy metals are ubiquitous elsewhere in nature and their measurement in environment is necessary to develop health management strategies. In this study, we aimed to find out concentrations and spatial patterns of heavy metals in main farms of Sanandaj in Kurdistan, Iran.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Over May to October 2012, six farms were selected to analyze concentrations and spatial patterns of several heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in their soil, irrigation water, and edible vegetables. Overall, 36 samples of soil and water and 72 samples of vegetables including coriander (<italic>Coriandrum sativum</italic>), dill (<italic>Anethum graveolens</italic>), radish (<italic>Raphanus sativus</italic>) root and radish leaf were collected. The concentrations of metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The spatial surfaces of heavy metals were created using geospatial information system.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The order of metals in soil was Al > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Co > As > Cd while in water it was Cr > Co > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Al = As = Cd. The order of heavy metals in vegetables was Al > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Totally, the minimum concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in radish root while the maximum of Al, Co, Cr, and Ni were found in radish leaf. The minimum concentrations of Cd and Cr and maximum concentrations of Cu and Zn were also deciphered in dill. Noteworthy, coriander had the minimum concentrations of Co and Ni. The concentrations of Cr and Pb in vegetables were more than maximum allowable limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In summary, albeit the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and water samples were below FAO and the WHO standards, vegetables were contaminated by chromium and lead.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nagajyoti, P" uniqKey="Nagajyoti P">P Nagajyoti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, K" uniqKey="Lee K">K Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sreekanth, T" uniqKey="Sreekanth T">T Sreekanth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nriagu, Jo" uniqKey="Nriagu J">JO Nriagu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="J Rup, L" uniqKey="J Rup L">L 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Binns</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sipter, E" uniqKey="Sipter E">E Sipter</name></author><author><name sortKey="R Zsa, E" uniqKey="R Zsa E">E Rózsa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gruiz, K" uniqKey="Gruiz K">K Gruiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tatrai, E" uniqKey="Tatrai E">E Tátrai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morvai, V" uniqKey="Morvai V">V Morvai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Iran</li><li>Suisse</li></country></list><tree><country name="Iran"><noRegion><name sortKey="Maleki, Afshin" sort="Maleki, Afshin" uniqKey="Maleki A" first="Afshin" last="Maleki">Afshin Maleki</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Amini, Hassan" sort="Amini, Hassan" uniqKey="Amini H" first="Hassan" last="Amini">Hassan Amini</name><name sortKey="Mahvi, Amir Hossein" sort="Mahvi, Amir Hossein" uniqKey="Mahvi A" first="Amir Hossein" last="Mahvi">Amir Hossein Mahvi</name><name sortKey="Mahvi, Amir Hossein" sort="Mahvi, Amir Hossein" uniqKey="Mahvi A" first="Amir Hossein" last="Mahvi">Amir Hossein Mahvi</name><name sortKey="Nazmara, Shahrokh" sort="Nazmara, Shahrokh" uniqKey="Nazmara S" first="Shahrokh" last="Nazmara">Shahrokh Nazmara</name><name sortKey="Zandi, Shiva" sort="Zandi, Shiva" uniqKey="Zandi S" first="Shiva" last="Zandi">Shiva Zandi</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Amini, Hassan" sort="Amini, Hassan" uniqKey="Amini H" first="Hassan" last="Amini">Hassan Amini</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Amini, Hassan" sort="Amini, Hassan" uniqKey="Amini H" first="Hassan" last="Amini">Hassan Amini</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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